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<p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">为了提高临床检验的工作效率和操作水平,本文基于有关工作经验谈谈在临床生化检验中遇到的一些常见问题以及一些认识和看法。<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(0, 176, 80); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">一、导致生化项目校准结果不良的因素<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></strong></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(0, 176, 80); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1、仪器方面</span></strong></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">(1)光源灯老化导致仪器发光不稳定造成酶类试验项目重复性不良;</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">(2)孵育系统脏污产生的随机误差;</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">(3)比色杯脏污、划痕引起外来干扰;</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">(4)试剂针、样品针及其密封垫老化造成加样不准引起校准结果不良;</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">(5)清洗机构滴水或堵塞造成交叉污染引起结果不良。</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(0, 176, 80); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">2、试剂方面</strong></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">(1)试剂劣化引起试剂空白吸光度值变化而造成试剂反应效能不良;</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">(2)校准品失效引起校准结果灵敏度丧失—标示值和实际值之间的吸光度存在差距。</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(0, 176, 80); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">3、参数方面</span></strong></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">(1)参数设置不合理或者错误。</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(0, 112, 192); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">二、生化项目测试结果不良的具体情况分析</span></strong></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">当出现测试结果不良的情况时,首先要分析是所有项目结果不良还是个别项目结果不良;结果不良的项目是否存在规律性;是采用速率法还是终点法分析的项目;是采用单试剂的还是双试剂的项目。然后再做针对性的进一步分析:</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(0, 112, 192); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> 1、由光路因素造成的结果不良,现象</span>:速率法酶类项目(主波长340nm)结果混乱。原因分析 1)灯泡老化;(2)反应槽脏污;(3)水质太差;(4)比色杯脏污;(5)比色杯破损;(6)光窗脱落渗水。</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(0, 112, 192); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> 2、由加样系统故障造成的结果不良</span>,现象:结果偏低或高,或为零,或为负值。原因分析 1)样品针(试剂针)脏污堵塞;(2)水平相对位置有偏移导致加样不准;(3)注射器密封性不良有气泡;(4)管路漏气;(5)脱气部分不良;(6)样品针高度不合适会引起SAMPLESH0T的报警;(7)样品针高度不够,采集不到样品,引起项目结果为零或负值。</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(0, 112, 192); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">3、由试剂因素造成的结果不良</span>。</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">(1)试剂变质失效将会使反应曲线不良;(2)试剂间存在交叉污染也会造成测试结果不良;(3)此外,还要检查在更换试剂后,测光点、反应方向、上下界线等参数的设置是否正确。</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(0, 112, 192); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> 4、由搅拌棒造成的结果不良。</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">(1)如果单试剂的项目结果不良,搅拌棒1可能有问题;(2)如果双试剂的项目结果不良,搅拌棒1和2都可能有问题;(3)当搅拌棒位置偏移或旋转不良,导致反应不充分,也会造成结果不良。</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(0, 112, 192); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"> 5、由清洗机构造成的结果不良。</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">(1)管路真空不良致使废液吸不干净造成结果不良;(2)管路堵塞后造成管路滴水、溢水也会导致结果混乱。</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(151, 72, 6); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">三、全自动生化仪双试剂项目中出现R1、R2液不能匹配的原因分析</span></strong></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">双试剂项目一段时间做下来后,试剂盒中就会出现R1与R2不能匹配情况,原因是加试剂时试剂针都有附加余量,而且随加的试剂量不同,附加余量也不同;以日立仪器为例,在日立生化仪(如7060)操作手册上有个关于“为防止试剂被稀释,在每次吸取试剂时再吸取一定的余量加在设定量上”的表格如下: <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><table width="670" style="width: 522px;"><tbody style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; height: 19px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><td width="133" valign="bottom" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 7px; word-break: break-all; border-color: windowtext; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">试剂设定量(μl)</span></p></td><td width="47" valign="bottom" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 7px; word-break: break-all; border-left-width: 43px; border-left-style: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">50</span></p></td><td width="48" valign="bottom" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 7px; word-break: break-all; border-left-width: 43px; border-left-style: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">100</span></p></td><td width="48" valign="bottom" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 7px; word-break: break-all; border-left-width: 43px; border-left-style: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">150</span></p></td><td width="48" valign="bottom" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 7px; word-break: break-all; border-left-width: 43px; border-left-style: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">200</span></p></td><td width="48" valign="bottom" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 7px; word-break: break-all; border-left-width: 43px; border-left-style: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">250</span></p></td><td width="48" valign="bottom" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 7px; word-break: break-all; border-left-width: 43px; border-left-style: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">300</span></p></td><td width="48" valign="bottom" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 7px; word-break: break-all; border-left-width: 43px; border-left-style: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">350</span></p></td></tr><tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; height: 19px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><td width="133" valign="bottom" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 7px; word-break: break-all; border-top-width: 43px; border-top-style: none; border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255) windowtext windowtext; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">附加余量(μl)</span></p></td><td width="47" valign="bottom" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 7px; word-break: break-all; border-top-width: 43px; border-left-width: 43px; border-top-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255) windowtext windowtext rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">13</span></p></td><td width="48" valign="bottom" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 7px; word-break: break-all; border-top-width: 43px; border-left-width: 43px; border-top-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255) windowtext windowtext rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">16</span></p></td><td width="48" valign="bottom" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 7px; word-break: break-all; border-top-width: 43px; border-left-width: 43px; border-top-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255) windowtext windowtext rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">19</span></p></td><td width="48" valign="bottom" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 7px; word-break: break-all; border-top-width: 43px; border-left-width: 43px; border-top-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255) windowtext windowtext rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">23</span></p></td><td width="48" valign="bottom" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 7px; word-break: break-all; border-top-width: 43px; border-left-width: 43px; border-top-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255) windowtext windowtext rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">26</span></p></td><td width="48" valign="bottom" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 7px; word-break: break-all; border-top-width: 43px; border-left-width: 43px; border-top-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255) windowtext windowtext rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">29</span></p></td><td width="48" valign="bottom" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 7px; word-break: break-all; border-top-width: 43px; border-left-width: 43px; border-top-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255) windowtext windowtext rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">32</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">举个例子,做ALT项目,反应试剂参数,R2为50μl,R1为200μl,R2:R1=1:4<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">日立7060生化仪实际做时R2要吸掉63μl,R1吸掉223μl,R2:R1=1:3.54,这个吸样比例与实际需要的比例(试剂盒标示的比例)失衡!时间一久,就会造成R2已经用完而R1还剩余很多的情况。</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(149, 55, 52); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">四、生化检测过程中引起交叉污染的原因分类</span></strong></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">交叉污染是生化仪使用中常见的现象,简单理解为在A项目测定中所使用的试剂、样本、反应产物、清洗剂等对B项目的测定产生了不良影响的现象,A项目和B项目不一定是相邻项目。</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">交叉污染具体类型可分为:(1)样本针携带污染;(2)试剂针携带污染;(3)搅拌棒携带污染;(4)清洗系统携带污染;(5)比色杯污染。</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(49, 133, 155); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">五、特别针对CKMB/CK升高或倒置的原因简析</strong></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">在临床实验中偶尔会遇到个别临床标本其CKMB的检测结果与CK的结果不相符,CK的结果在正常范围,而CKMB的检测结果却明显偏高,甚至出现CKMB的结果大于CK的现象,分析原因如下:</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(49, 133, 155); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1、试剂因素</span>,</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">主要表现为试剂污染或使用已过有效期的试剂。</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(49, 133, 155); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">2、仪器因素</span>,</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">市面上CKMB的校准品或质控品较少见,而且其价格也较其他酶类校准品高得多。因此,一般医院都未使用CKMB校准品和质控品,而是采用厂家试剂盒使用说明书提供的理论因素,在理论因素设置时,不同仪器略有差异。</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(49, 133, 155); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">3、方法学因素</span>,</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">肌酸激酶CK是由B、M两种不同亚基组成的二聚体,所以CK有三种同工酶即CKMM、CKMB、CKBB。CKBB主要存在于脑组织、胃肠道及子宫平滑肌中,脑组织中几乎全为CKBB,CKMB主要存在于心肌组织中,CKMM主要存在于骨骼肌组织中。在正常人血清中几乎无CKBB或极微量。理论上CKMB的活性是不可能大于CK活性的。目前常用的检测CKMB的方法是免疫抑制法,出现CKMB>CK的情况就是可能由这种方法的检测原理造成的。</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">在人体中正常情况下CKBB很少,可忽略,而免疫抑制法就是建立在忽略CKBB的基础上的。即用抗CKM单体的抗体将M亚基完全抑制,所以CKMM会失去活性,而CKMB活性会失去一半,这样测出的活性实际就是CKMB的一半,所以CKMB的活性应该为测定的2倍。但如果存在CKBB就会使结果偏高,即测定的CKMB活性= CKMB+2CKBB。如果CKBB>CKMM,由于结果要乘2,也就是说2CKBB+CKMB>CKBB+CKMB+CKMM,即测得的CKMB活性>CK活性。</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(49, 133, 155); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">4、溶血因素</span>,</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">因红细胞内含有大量的腺苷酸激酶(AK)从而催化ADP反应生成ATP而引起NADPH的吸光度的改变,使CK和CKMB测定结果假性偏高。CKMB是CK-B×2,假性偏高较CKMM更明显,同时CKMB参考范围较小,可能出现CKMB大于CK或CK结果在正常范围内,而CKMB结果却明显偏高。</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(49, 133, 155); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">5、随机误差</span>,</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">如吸到小气泡等。</span></p><hr style="white-space: normal;" /><p style="white-space: normal; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em;"><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; 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