B超探头六部曲之探头分类

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                    <section data-role="outer" label="Powered by gulangu"><section><p><p><img src="image/20200927/388a953d2a2f6cccb9a6d8ffc1a4347f_1.png" /></p></p><p><p><img src="image/20200927/9bb515bc6ac8054868eeaaa67306b207_2.png" /></p></p><p><br  /></p></section><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="89175"><section><section><p data-brushtype="text">B超探头分类</p></section></section></section><p><span><strong>（一）超声探头可以从以下不同方面来分类：</strong></span></p><p><br  /></p><p><span>①按诊断部位分类：有眼科探头、心脏探头、腹部探头、颅脑探头、腔内探头和儿童探头等之分；</span></p><p><br  /></p><p><span>②按应用方式分类:有体外探头、体内探头、穿刺活检探头之分;</span></p><p><br  /></p><p><span>③按探头中换能器所用振元数目分类:又有单元探头和多元探头之说;</span></p><p><br  /></p><p><span>④按波束控制方式分类:则有线扫探头、相控阵探头、机械扇扫探头和方阵探头等;</span></p><p><br  /></p><p><span>⑤按探头的几何形状分类:用在不同诊则有矩形探头、柱断部位的各形探头、弧形探类超声探头(又称凸形)、圆形探头等。</span></p><p><br  /></p><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="90103"><section><section><svg viewbox="0 0 1024 1024" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" p-id="1380"><path d="M1.861394 300.69648l0 423.811472 241.264902 0 361.172853 296.335149 0.214894-1016.748852-361.227088 296.603255L1.861394 300.697503 1.861394 300.69648zM742.993978 251.960499c-21.200858-20.87954-54.801117-20.87954-76.002998 0.160659-20.986987 20.986987-20.986987 54.908564 0.107447 75.948763l0-0.107447c46.320978 46.37419 74.92955 110.032022 74.92955 180.666756 0 70.474075-28.501124 133.970224-74.875315 180.237991-21.147646 21.094434-21.147646 54.961776-0.053212 76.216869 10.358929 10.466376 24.099884 15.72617 37.947264 15.72617s27.963888-5.259794 38.054711-15.72617c65.536622-65.536622 106.22123-156.51366 106.22123-256.294201C849.375867 408.52737 808.476365 317.442886 742.993978 251.960499zM866.176508 128.832204c-21.200858-20.986987-54.801117-20.986987-75.895551 0-21.093411 20.986987-21.093411 55.016011 0 75.895551 77.880765 77.880765 126.34864 185.014784 126.34864 303.849286 0 118.78129-48.038086 225.806839-126.241192 303.796074-21.255093 20.87954-21.255093 54.801117 0 75.841316 10.090822 10.358929 24.207331 15.780405 38.054711 15.780405 13.740956 0 27.910677-5.421476 37.947264-15.780405 97.203856-97.203856 157.694555-231.603869 157.587108-379.63739C1023.49551 360.543519 963.326129 225.821165 866.176508 128.832204z" p-id="1381"></path></svg></section><section><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" data-width="100%"><text y="15" x="75.5159" fill="#333"><tspan data-brushtype="text" fill="#f00" font-size="12">注：通常工作中，习惯使用较多的是按①、④、⑤ 3种方式分类</tspan><animate attributename="x" from="500" to="-600" begin="2s" dur="13s" repeatcount="indefinite"></animate></text></svg></section></section></section><p><br  /></p><p><br  /></p><p><span><strong>（二）一般常见的B超探头</strong></span></p><p><p><img src="image/20200927/da1352bef59e15f1d4b3399976d7f504_3.png" /></p></p><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="87668"><section><section data-width="100%"><p><img src="image/20200927/d4f22262969412e7293df8a94553c62f_4.jpg" /></p></section><section><section data-width="100%"><section><section><p><span>1、凸阵探头3.5MHz</span></p><p><span>2、线阵探头3.5MHz</span></p><p><span>3、高频线阵7.5MHz</span></p><p><span>4、腔体探头6.5MHz</span></p><p><span>5、心脏探头3.2MHz</span></p><p><span>6、相控阵探头3.0MHz</span></p><p><span>7、三维探头3.5MHz</span></p></section></section></section></section></section><section data-width="100%"><p><img src="image/20200927/9605a2c6128b0265a1ff5d7c9b6dc3b5_5.jpg" /></p></section></section><p><p><img src="image/20200927/184cad587cdfa62866d271a9a0488128_6.png" /></p></p><p><br  /></p><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="89897"><section data-id="us515906"><section data-width="100%"><section><section><p><img src="image/20200927/2018359e2625411b8cf058bc5b2bb0af_7.jpg" /></p></section><section data-brushtype="text">凸阵探头</section></section></section><section data-width="100%"></section></section></section><p><p><img src="image/20200927/0f607d311fd51c36029856fb3279d4be_8.png" /></p></p><p><br  /></p><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="89897"><section data-id="us515906"><section data-width="100%"><section><section><p><img src="image/20200927/2018359e2625411b8cf058bc5b2bb0af_7.jpg" /></p></section><section data-brushtype="text">线阵探头</section></section></section><section data-width="100%"></section></section></section><p><br  /></p><p><p><img src="image/20200927/07c891b18344b452c4b385c445c8474c_10.png" /></p></p><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="89897"><section data-id="us515906"><section data-width="100%"><section><section><p><img src="image/20200927/2018359e2625411b8cf058bc5b2bb0af_7.jpg" /></p></section><section data-brushtype="text">腔体探头</section></section></section><section data-width="100%"></section></section></section><p><p><img src="image/20200927/f9522678244126b9d1e3f555d3fb72d6_12.png" /></p></p><p><br  /></p><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="89897"><section data-id="us515906"><section data-width="100%"><section><section><p><img src="image/20200927/2018359e2625411b8cf058bc5b2bb0af_7.jpg" /></p></section><section data-brushtype="text">高频线阵</section></section></section><section data-width="100%"></section></section></section><p><br  /></p><p><br  /></p><p><span><strong>(三）动物探头</strong></span></p><p><br  /></p><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="87668"><section><section data-width="100%"><p><img src="image/20200927/d4f22262969412e7293df8a94553c62f_4.jpg" /></p></section><section><section data-width="100%"><section><section><p><span>1、微凸探头3.2MHz和5.0MHz</span></p><p><span>2、腔体探头6.5MHz</span></p><p><span>3、线阵探头5.0MHz和7.5MHz</span></p></section></section></section></section></section><section data-width="100%"><p><img src="image/20200927/9605a2c6128b0265a1ff5d7c9b6dc3b5_5.jpg" /></p></section></section><p><p><img src="image/20200927/4638971ce2ef66d0ee9344199f33deba_16.jpg" /></p></p><p><br  /></p><p><span><strong>（四）常见扫描图形</strong></span></p><p><span></span></p><p><p><img src="image/20200927/779d1349330b0eff56bb8c9f149882bf_17.jpg" /></p></p><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="89897"><section data-id="us515906"><section data-width="100%"><section><section><p><img src="image/20200927/2018359e2625411b8cf058bc5b2bb0af_7.jpg" /></p></section><section data-brushtype="text">线阵式</section></section></section><section data-width="100%"></section></section></section><p><p><img src="image/20200927/a12f18731c1d3edd79d47abb14c48334_19.jpg" /></p></p><p><br  /></p><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="89897"><section data-id="us515906"><section data-width="100%"><section><section><p><img src="image/20200927/2018359e2625411b8cf058bc5b2bb0af_7.jpg" /></p></section><section data-brushtype="text">扇形式</section></section></section><section data-width="100%"></section></section></section><p><br  /></p><p><p><img src="image/20200927/f4eef3dc4756cb8dd9291d892f935012_21.jpg" /></p></p><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="89897"><section data-id="us515906"><section data-width="100%"><section><section><p><img src="image/20200927/2018359e2625411b8cf058bc5b2bb0af_7.jpg" /></p></section><section data-brushtype="text">凸阵式</section></section></section><section data-width="100%"></section></section></section><p><br  /></p><p><br  /></p><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="89175"><section><section><p data-brushtype="text">B超探头组件的构成</p></section></section></section><p><p><img src="image/20200927/70c3dee409e204843e8d2ffd63a483e4_23.png" /></p></p><p><br  /></p><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="87668"><section><section data-width="100%"><p><img src="image/20200927/d4f22262969412e7293df8a94553c62f_4.jpg" /></p></section><section><section data-width="100%"><section><section><p><span>1.插头组件</span></p><p><span>2.探头（晶片、声透镜、匹配层、吸声块、支撑架、声头外壳）</span></p><p><span>3.电缆线</span></p></section></section></section></section></section><section data-width="100%"><p><img src="image/20200927/9605a2c6128b0265a1ff5d7c9b6dc3b5_5.jpg" /></p></section></section><p><p><img src="image/20200927/df6690e349faad1f6d396d6f8626657f_26.png" /></p></p><p><br  /></p><section data-role="outer" label="Powered by gulangu"><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="89897"><section data-id="us515906"><section data-width="100%"></section></section></section><p><br  /></p><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="89897"><section data-id="us515906"><section data-width="100%"><section><section><p><img src="image/20200927/2018359e2625411b8cf058bc5b2bb0af_7.jpg" /></p></section><section data-brushtype="text"><span>1.插头组件</span></section></section></section><section data-width="100%"></section></section></section><p><br  /></p><p><span><strong><span>探头组件</span></strong></span><span>是通过插头与B超机连接的，而插头的连接由里面的插针与B超机的插座相连接的，常见的插针数量有：24P、96P、156P、260P等等。</span><br  /></p></section><p><br  /></p><section data-role="outer" label="Powered by gulangu"><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="89897"><section data-id="us515906"><section data-width="100%"></section></section></section><p><br  /></p><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="89897"><section data-id="us515906"><section data-width="100%"><section><section><p><img src="image/20200927/2018359e2625411b8cf058bc5b2bb0af_7.jpg" /></p></section><section data-brushtype="text"><span>2.探头</span></section></section></section><section data-width="100%"></section></section></section><p><span></span></p><p><p><img src="image/20200927/4fa33aa6f55d0d10e0d3e3622634d5fa_29.png" /></p></p><p><span>其探头结构组成中，晶片、吸声块、匹配层、吸声块是比较重要的部分。</span><br  /></p></section><p><br  /></p><p><span><strong><span>晶片是探头中最重要的部件</span></strong></span><span>，用于接收电脉冲产生机械超声振动，完成声电和电-声转换工作。其几何形状和尺寸是根据诊断要求来设计的，上、下电极分别焊有一根引线，用来传输电信号;探头中一般有多个晶片构成，有的将振子沿直线排列为一行，组成线阵探头；有的将振子沿弧形排列，构成凸阵探头；有的将振子成矩阵排列，构成矩阵探头等多种多元超声换能器。</span></p><p><br  /></p><p><span><strong><span>吸声块会聚或发散声波的声学元件</span></strong></span><span>。声波通过声速不同的媒质的界面时发生折射而改图形的光流分布变传播方向，这就可能使声波会聚或发散，会聚作用称为声聚焦。声透镜材料的选择大致可以从三方面考虑，首先是声速高于周围媒质的声速，这样焦距短，以减小像差和传播损失；二是声阻抗率与周围媒质匹配，以减小反射损失；三是声衰减小，以减小插入损失。常用的声透镜材料及其特性如下表所示。</span></p><p><p><img src="image/20200927/80279824652ff70a63f62a48783ec317_30.png" /></p></p><p><span><strong><span>匹配层处于声透镜和晶片阵列之间。</span></strong></span><span>由于声透镜同时与晶体振元和人体接触，两者的声阻抗差别甚6－１－2大〔压电晶体振元的阻抗Zf≈(20～35)×10 kg·s·m，人体组织的阻抗Ze≈(1.58～1.7)×106?kg·s－１·m－2〕，难于使声透镜的特性阻抗同时与两者匹配。超声经不同阻抗界面传播，将产生反射，会增加能量损耗并影响分辨力，因此，往往需要采用匹配层来实现探头与负载之间的匹配。对匹配层除厚度与声阻抗的要求外，还要求其声阻尼要小，以减小对超声能量的损耗。在工艺上应保证其同时与晶体振元和声透镜接触良好。匹配层材料通常也采用环氧加钨粉配制。</span></p><p><br  /></p><p><span><strong><span>吸收块又称为吸声块</span></strong></span><span>。用于衰减并吸收压电振子背向辐射的超声能量，使之不在探头中来回反射而使振子的振铃时间加长，因此要求垫衬具有较大的衰减能力，并具有与压电材料接近的声阻抗，以使来自压电振子背向辐射的声波全部进入垫衬中并不再反射回到振子中去。</span></p><p><br  /></p><p><span>吸声材料一般为环氧树脂加钨粉，或铁氧体粉加橡胶粉配合而成。</span></p><p><p><img src="image/20200927/12df54a94dc02334cf78e2c37dca04c5_31.png" /></p></p><p><p><img src="image/20200927/3206315892dbf273276e65647c98b056_32.png" /></p></p><p><br  /></p><p><span><strong><span>信号处理板</span></strong></span></p><p><p><img src="image/20200927/45e38490f6ba46475de2e6001a949097_33.png" /></p></p><p><span>注：在不同型号的B超，可能会将信号处理板集成在B超探头组件里。如果该信号处理部分集成在B超机里面，则探头组件无须再加信号处理板，否则探头组件处要加信号处理板，而有的集成在探头里，有的则集成在插头里。</span></p><p><br  /></p><p><br  /></p><section data-role="outer" label="Powered by gulangu"><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="89897"><section data-id="us515906"><section data-width="100%"></section></section></section><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="89897"><section data-id="us515906"><section data-width="100%"><section><section><p><img src="image/20200927/2018359e2625411b8cf058bc5b2bb0af_7.jpg" /></p></section><section data-brushtype="text"><span>3.电缆线</span></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><span></span></p><p><p><img src="image/20200927/b23241b79ae6b93716801b24e99ee50e_35.png" /></p></p><p><p><img src="image/20200927/85de89329ab5d93b438e1f655bd1383b_36.png" /></p></p><p><span></span><br  /></p><p><span>常见的电缆线有：48芯、84芯、198芯264芯等。</span></p><p><br  /></p><section 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