医疗设备电路故障通用检修方法

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                    <section class="" data-tools="gulangu" data-id="14" data-color="rgb(30, 155, 232)" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 21.3333px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><blockquote style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 5px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-color: rgb(238, 238, 238) rgb(238, 238, 238) rgb(238, 238, 238) rgb(30, 155, 232); border-radius: 3px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p class="" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; color: rgb(30, 155, 232); font-weight: bold; font-size: 18px; border-color: rgb(30, 155, 232); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1、观察故障现象</p><section class="" data-style="color:inherit;font-size:14px;" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　先询问机器操作人员，了解使用情况和故障发生经过。可能且必要时通电试机，仔细观察故障现象。对面板上的各个功能旋钮、按键和开关应正确进行操作，以全面观察故障表现，并作好记录，予以分析研究。</span></p></section></blockquote></section><p></p><section class="" data-tools="gulangu" data-id="14" data-color="rgb(30, 155, 232)" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 21.3333px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><blockquote style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 5px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-color: rgb(238, 238, 238) rgb(238, 238, 238) rgb(238, 238, 238) rgb(30, 155, 232); border-radius: 3px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p class="" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; color: rgb(30, 155, 232); font-weight: bold; font-size: 18px; border-color: rgb(30, 155, 232); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">2、查找原因</p><section class="" data-style="color:inherit;font-size:14px;" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　现代精密仪器设备各部分都是按逻辑关系配合工作的，因此某个元器件损坏或性能参数发生变化，都会导致仪器设备运行紊乱或根本不能工作。在检修中，应遵循“先外后内、先易后难、先粗后细，逐步缩小范围”的原则，由浅入深逐步检查。通常先查气路、水路、油路等故障。光路部分一般是通过调节和清洁处理来排除故障，真正硬件损坏的不多。以下重点介绍电路部分的检修。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　2.1　直接查找</span></strong></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">①通过眼观手触找到损坏部位。它适合明显的连接故障，但大多数元器件损坏、隐蔽的连接故障以及状态偏移故障无法查出<span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">;</span></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">②通过万用表测量各个部位的电阻值，找出损坏部位。当在电路中测量无法确定好坏时，应把可疑元器件取出，单独检测。无法逐一检测时，可参考有关维修资料，对易损件进行检测。有些元器件性能不良，只能用专用测试仪或替换法进行判断。对于大多数状态偏移故障，该法也难以查出<span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">;</span></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">③逐一更换可疑元器件，或用交叉替换法，即把可疑元器件取出，安装进另一台好的设备中，验证该元器件是否损坏。如果无法逐一替换和检测，可对功能模块、电路板、系统部件、局部设备乃至整台仪器设备进行更换，以减少替换和判断次数、降低检修难度。即所谓的“板级维修” 。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　2.2　间接查找</span></strong></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　通电测试，并对电路关键处的电压、电流、波形等进行测量。通电前须了解仪器设备工作原理以及有关安全防护措施，以保证检修人员、测量仪表和被修机器三者的安全。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　该法一般是通过对电路关键处的电压进行测量、看其正常与否来查出损坏部位。由于电路各部分的逻辑关系，往往某处损坏后，不仅使该处电压异常，还会使其它有关部位的电压亦出现异常，甚至会产生所谓附属故障。因此检修时还必须搞清电路各部分之间的逻辑关系，才能找到真正损坏的部位。</span></p><p style="text-align:center"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/dx3KibwtDhveaHicJLz46VRrlKLP9EyrqukTUTZ6gWszpf6cExQVZPwPaicQ3AtkRia3hBXXCbSPDicFRb76LyEylXQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="1.2232415902140672" data-w="327"  /><br  /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　首先要认清电路各部分之间的输入、输出关系。在正常情况下，输入端的状况会影响输出端的状况。当电路某个部分出故障时，其输出端就不能对输入端作出正确响应，会出现异常。因此若发现某个部分，其输入正常而输出异常，一般可以肯定该部分损坏[3]。一般在单元电路之间，存在着比较明显的输入、输出关系。而单元电路内部，这种关系往往不明显。单元电路中各处的电压和电流，通常只能根据电路基本定律，通过电路联立方程了解它们之间的相互关联<span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">[10]</span>。由于一个单元电路包含的元器件往往不多，一旦明确故障出在某个单元电路中，就可用直接查找法，找出真正损坏的部位，而不必去分析那种复杂的关联性。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　其次要认清仪器设备的整体、局部和具体细节。这样就可先从大处着眼，确定故障所在的大致范围。一旦明确，最简单的修复措施就是把该范围内所有元器件及其连接都更换掉，类似“板级维修”。如认为维修成本太高，可进一步了解该范围内电路是由哪些更小部分所组成，以及各部分的输入、输出关系，再进行检测，以在更小范围内确定损坏部位。随着故障范围的缩小，需要更多更具体的电路知识以及对仪器设备工作原理更详细的了解。因此故障范围缩小到一定程度时，可采用直接查找损坏部位的三种方法来找出损坏部位，以减少大量电路知识的学习、减轻学习负担。对于电路中有微处理器的仪器设备，如电脑、自动化和智能化仪器设备等，还必须了解它的宏观、微观时序结构。对于直流和低频正弦稳态电路，通过对电压进行测量，能比较容易地分清是否正常。但对于高频、非正弦、非周期、非稳态、脉冲、数字等电路，光靠测量电压，很难判断是否正常。这时还要借助分割、等效模拟、信号注入、波形检测、逻辑分析仪等种种手段，才能最终找到真正损坏的部位。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　采用间接法，是为了减少检修时的盲目性、提高工作效率、以最低的物质成本修复那些从未见过的疑难故障，但技术难度大，需要对仪器设备有较深入的认识，因而人力成本高且有时还要配备昂贵的维修检测设备，一般短期内难以掌握。</span></p></section></blockquote></section><section class="" data-tools="gulangu" data-id="14" data-color="rgb(30, 155, 232)" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 21.3333px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><blockquote style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 5px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-color: rgb(238, 238, 238) rgb(238, 238, 238) rgb(238, 238, 238) rgb(30, 155, 232); border-radius: 3px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p class="" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; color: rgb(30, 155, 232); font-weight: bold; font-size: 18px; border-color: rgb(30, 155, 232); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">3、排除故障</p><section class="" data-style="color:inherit;font-size:14px;" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　3.1　凡是元器件损坏造成的故障只要更换元器件即可。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　3.2　凡是接触不良、虚焊、锈蚀、霉断、断裂、松动、脱落等等造成的故障，可通过清洁处理改善接触、焊接、紧固、更换连接线等措施使其连接正常。</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">凡受潮、污染、异物掉进电路、元器件相碰、绝缘材料性能下降等导致漏电、短路故障，应进行清洁处理、隔离、更换绝缘材料等予以排除。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　3.3　状态偏移故障</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　可根据仪器设备的技术要求，通过改变元器件参数(如可变电阻、电容、电感等<span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">)</span>，把电路调整到正常状态即可。</span></p></section></blockquote></section><p></p><p><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);">广州市设备维修有限公司</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">地址：广州市天河区银利街银利茶叶博览中心E栋4楼E4030室 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 邮编：510507</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; 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