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记血透装置的诞生和发展(下)

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发表于 2020-10-14 13:37:49 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式

                    

                    

                    
                    
                    <section data-tools="gulangu" data-label="powered by gulangu"></section><section data-role="paragraph" data-color="rgb(182, 228, 253)" data-custom="rgb(182, 228, 253)"><section><section><section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><section><section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><section><section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><section><section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><section><section><section><p><p><img src="image/20201014/86b79d371e9862b01189f0252a03b2cd_1.png" /></p></p></section><section><section><span><strong></strong></span></section><p><span>医疗器械媒体报道先锋</span></p><p><span>分享专业医疗器械知识</span></p></section><section><section><section><span>关注</span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><br  /></p><p><span>本文部分图片资料来自浙江省医学会医工分会微信公众号</span></p><p><br  /></p><section><section><section data-brushtype="text">前言</section><section></section></section></section><section></section><section><section data-width="100%"><section data-width="100%"><section><section></section><section><br  /></section><section><strong><span>因篇幅较长,本文分为上、下两部分,本篇为下部分。</span></strong></section></section></section></section></section><p><br  /></p><p><span>上篇文章中,我们已经介绍过了透析设备所需的基础技术,本文将继续介绍透析设备在这些技术架构下逐渐完善,逐渐发展的情况。</span><br  /></p><p><br  /></p><p><iframe src="https://v.qq.com/iframe/player.html?width=500&height=375&auto=0&vid=f0913vaxxyl&auto=0" width="100%" height="580" frameborder="0"></iframe></p><section data-role="outer" label="Powered by gulangu"><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="86134" data-color="#31859b"><section><section><span><strong><span data-original-title="" title="" data-num="3">4</span></strong></span></section><section><section data-width="20%"></section></section><p><span><strong><span>血液透析机的发展</span></strong></span></p></section></section><section data-role="paragraph" data-color="#31859b"><p><br  /></p></section></section><section data-role="outer" label="Powered by gulangu"><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="85640"><section><section><section><strong>1</strong></section></section></section><section></section><section><strong><span>血透机正式推向市场</span></strong></section></section><section data-role="paragraph"><p><br  /></p><p><span>动静脉shunt的发明,<span>自体动静脉内瘘成形术</span>的成功,给慢性肾衰患者的治疗带来了新的福音,让透析变为可能。透析设备所蕴含的巨大商业价值也立刻被嗅觉敏锐的商人运用起来,下图为金宝和百特各自推出的第一代透析机,如今金宝已被百特并购。</span></p><p><br  /></p></section></section><p><p><img src="image/20201014/66ec6eb7527cf6e351ac3b7df51e27b4_2.png" /></p></p><p>百特第一台市售透析机</p><p><p><img src="image/20201014/f4fabef552f2498ae18e7d02136c6476_3.png" /></p></p><p>金宝&nbsp; AK-1</p><p><p><img src="image/20201014/ca7d2d05f5080f5cbb3e350f69ac72b9_4.png" /></p></p><p><br  /></p><p><span></span></p><p><br  /></p><section data-role="outer" label="Powered by gulangu"><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="85640"><section><section><section><strong>2</strong></section></section></section><section></section><section><strong><span><strong>第一台透析液配比系统</strong></span></strong></section></section></section><p><br  /></p><p><span>世界上第一台透析液配比系统是在1963年,由伊利诺伊大学化学博士</span><span>阿尔伯特·拜波(Albert Babb)</span><span>发明,他采用了世界上第一台计量泵的发明者,同时也是全世界最大的计量泵制造商Milton Roy的泵来为透析液配比。他将原型机命名为Mini-1,其最大的特点是可作为便携式设备由单人使用。</span></p><p><br  /></p><section data-role="outer" label="Powered by gulangu"><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="95233"><section data-width="100%"><section data-width="30%"><p><img src="image/20201014/82aa3a9c1e52c4e94f4a2e33884ca7db_5.png" /></p></section><section data-width="40%"><p><img src="image/20201014/f75b2efc34c58a8a813a9f335d87dc98_6.png" /></p></section><section data-width="30%"><p><img src="image/20201014/8595cd3e288eff2f00a173b0a661c533_7.png" /></p></section></section></section></section><p><br  /></p><p><p><img src="image/20201014/4cb860cbede03909ea46f25f747a0188_8.png" /></p></p><p><br  /></p><section data-role="outer" label="Powered by gulangu"><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="85640"><section><section><section><strong>3</strong></section></section></section><section></section><section><strong><span><strong>第一款家用血液透析机</strong></span></strong></section></section><section data-role="paragraph"><p><br  /></p><p><span>1965年,Milton Roy公司在</span><span>阿尔伯特·拜波</span><span>的<span>Mini-1</span>基础上继续创新,推出了一款名为Milton Roy's Model A的配比系统,这是史上第一款市售带有配比系统、能自动消毒(将进水加热至85℃消毒)、连续监测电导度、温度、静脉压、透析液压及漏血的家用透析机,为透析产品开启了家用时代。</span></p><p><br  /></p></section></section><p><p><img src="image/20201014/2bc54421a82329f055bb2711b7b4e589_9.png" /></p></p><p><p><img src="image/20201014/1d845872f3f4764aaa5a9dd70df9021f_10.png" /></p></p><p><p><img src="image/20201014/a144c4df8a20289dbe628c5b67776729_11.png" /></p></p><p><br  /></p><p><br  /></p><section data-role="outer" label="Powered by gulangu"><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="85640"><section><section><section><strong>4</strong></section></section></section><section></section><section><strong><span><strong>第一个容量控制超滤系统</strong></span></strong></section></section><section data-role="paragraph"><p><br  /></p><p><span>我们知道,一项发明的诞生和发展将会伴随着多领域技术的推进。随着透析器的技术发展,高通量透析器逐渐走入人们的视野,在使用AN69透析器时,当时的透析机无法安全地进行超滤。于是1972年Rhone-Poulenc公司研发生产出了业内第一款具有容量控制超滤系统的透析机——Rodial 75。</span></p><p><br  /></p><section data-role="outer" label="Powered by gulangu"><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="94881" data-color="#31859b"><section data-width="100%"><section><section data-autoskip="1"><p><span><strong>高通量透析器:</strong></span><span>通量指的是透析器对水的清除能力,用超滤系数Kuf(ml/mmHg/h)表示,意义为每小时、每个mmHg压力下透析器超滤的水的毫升数。根据透析器的Kuf值把透析器分为低通量、中通量、高通量透析器。高通量透析器定义为Kuf&gt;20-25ml/mmHg/h的透析器,低通量透析器Kuf&lt;10ml/mmHg/h,中通量透析器介于二者之间。高通量透析器比低通量透析器能清除更多的中分子量毒素,应用于血液滤过、血液透析滤过、高通量血液透析这些血液净化治疗模式。</span></p></section></section><section><section></section></section></section></section><section data-role="paragraph" data-color="#31859b"><p><br  /></p></section></section><p><span><br  /></span></p></section></section><p><p><img src="image/20201014/2d9e2fe75b8e8bf198cdc86e2fa51608_12.png" /></p></p><p><p><img src="image/20201014/924cbcd58f0db2cf25bfc35ed34c3d1b_13.png" /></p></p><p><p><img src="image/20201014/3a14e788304968470638d4fe09a5190e_14.png" /></p></p><p><br  /></p><section data-role="outer" label="Powered by gulangu"><section data-role="paragraph" data-color="#31859b"><section data-role="outer" label="Powered by gulangu"><section data-role="paragraph" data-color="#31859b"><p>1977年,随着计算机的快速发展,透析机也受到了很大的影响。Gambro AK-10采用了独特的控制系统和保护系统提高了透析的安全性。AK-10也是第一个通过电导度反馈进行透析液配比的透析机。还可以安全UFM-10模块进行容量控制的超滤,原理是基于法拉第定律。同年费森尤斯推出第一代透析机A2008,使用了平衡腔加超滤泵作为容量控制超滤系统。<br  /></p><p><br  /></p></section></section><p><p><img src="image/20201014/0067a9a48d9338768a7ad65add33d0b9_15.png" /></p></p><p><br  /></p></section></section><p><p><img src="image/20201014/50f1bfded5bba3e443c6782061d0fb2b_16.png" /></p></p><p><br  /></p><section data-role="outer" label="Powered by gulangu"><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="86134" data-color="#31859b"><section><section><span><strong><span data-original-title="" title="" data-num="3">5</span></strong></span></section><section><section data-width="20%"></section></section><p><span><strong><span>创新使生活更美好</span></strong></span></p></section></section><section data-role="paragraph" data-color="#31859b"><p><br  /></p></section></section><section data-role="outer" label="Powered by gulangu"><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="85640"><section><section><section><strong>1</strong></section></section></section><section></section><section><strong><span><strong>穿戴式人工肾的研究</strong></span></strong></section></section><section data-role="paragraph"><p><br  /></p></section></section><p><p><img src="image/20201014/0a4b326038947cadd736be1601b03e3a_17.png" /></p></p><p><br  /></p><p><span>随着电子技术的发展,人们不断的完善着透析设备,目前在便携式小体积的穿戴式人工肾领域,已经取得了一定的成果。</span></p><p><br  /></p><p><span>时间来到1975年,日本人<span>江良</span>首先攻克了这一课题,他<span>利用TM-101数字温度计和REDY透析液吸附再循环装置,制成40х35х15cm,9.2公斤重的携带型人工肾。1978年时,这一设计已经发展成一种成熟的</span>茄克式人工肾系统,总重量4.5公斤的夹克衫上集成了透析液、血泵、吸附剂和透析器,并可以连续工作。</span></p><p><span><br  /></span></p><p><span></span></p><p><span></span></p><p><p><img src="image/20201014/f6c9e77152ae7bfacd35d37c0171215b_18.png" /></p></p><p><br  /></p><section data-role="outer" label="Powered by gulangu"><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="85640"><section><section><section><strong>2</strong></section></section></section><section></section><section><strong><span><strong>可穿戴人工肾(WAK)</strong></span></strong></section></section><section data-role="paragraph"><p><br  /></p></section></section><p><p><img src="image/20201014/a90d457f8ff9199410222f12f04431d8_19.png" /></p></p><p><br  /></p><p><span>由于受到<span>抗凝药、能源和代谢物排泄或再生问题的限制</span>,小型人工肾的发展受到了不可避免的制约。当小型人工肾再次取得值得记录的突破性进展,时间已经到了现代,洛杉矶西奈医疗中心和加州大学洛杉矶分校医学院组成的联合研究团队发布过一款共同研发的可穿戴人工肾(WAK)产品。2015年,这款医疗产品获得美国FDA批准,进入临床试验阶段。</span></p><p><span><br  /></span></p><p><iframe src="https://v.qq.com/iframe/player.html?width=500&height=375&auto=0&vid=q09133ed504&auto=0" width="100%" height="580" frameborder="0"></iframe></p><p><span></span><br  /></p><p><span>WAK设备大约4.5斤左右,由9伏特电池驱动的WAK可自动工作。患者需要每周更换一次过滤器,每天添加化学品用以净化过滤出来的水。来自加州大学研究团队的维克托·古拉临床副教授表示,参加临床试验的患者都能够穿着WAK睡觉,淋浴和其它正常活动。</span><br  /></p><p><br  /></p><p><p><img src="image/20201014/a2ed8930c2353a20b6e30ce67c7dc929_20.png" /></p></p><p><br  /></p><p><span>此外,新加坡AWAK公司也宣布研发了一款新型可穿戴式人工肾设备,该设备内部使用了新研发的吸附技术,并且已经招募15名尿毒症患者成功的进行了人体试验,实验结果显示该设备能够有效替代肾脏排泄废物和毒素,并且没有任何人出现严重不良反应。</span></p><p><br  /></p><p><span>FDA给予了这项新技术高度认可,并获得FDA授权创新性设备,意味着会加快设备开发和审查。</span></p><p><br  /></p><p><span>也许不用等太久,尿毒症患者日常生活只需要携带这么一个小小的设备就能替代肾脏工作,不影响和朋友去喝茶,去工作,去热爱生活......</span></p><p><br  /></p><section data-role="outer" label="Powered by gulangu"><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="85640"><section><section><section><strong>2</strong></section></section></section><section></section><section><strong><span><strong>最新4代人工肾</strong></span></strong></section></section><section data-role="paragraph"><p><br  /></p><p><span>正如前文所述,小型人工肾发展受到抗凝药、能源和代谢物排泄或再生问题的限制,所以全世界相关的研发人员都梦想着开发出一种小型、高效、能植入体内的人工肾,满足“个体化透析”这一患者、临床医师梦寐以求的目标。并且,随着5G技术的实现,远程医疗的发展,必然会大大加速这一进程。</span></p><p><span><br  /></span></p><p><span>我们不妨想象一下这样的画面,未来医生只要在患者随身携带的透析处方卡上输入适用于该患者的有关参数【如透析时间、超滤量(或超滤模型)、钠浓度(或钠曲线)、透析器型号、抗凝药等<span>】</span>,患者即可利用便携式透析机随时随地享受最为适合自己的透析治疗,减轻医生负担的同时,更大大提升了患者的透析舒适度。</span></p><p><br  /></p><p><span>关于透析设备的未来,业内人士还有很多先进设想,这一点,我们引用了</span><span>孙世澜教授所著的</span><span>《血液净化理论与实践》一书中的选段,希望这一天尽早到来。</span></p><pre><br  /></pre><p><span>“透析设备的下一个发展目标是建立生物反馈系统。人体在透析过程中接受一些异常的信号,通过人体生物信号进行反馈和调整,达到新的平衡,这才能真正地使设备反应与生物体信息系统联系在一起,从而达到极佳的透析效果。由于组织工程技术快速发展,可以应用培养的细胞与相应材料组合成具有生物活性的装置代替失去功能肾脏。因为应用具有滤过功能的肾小球和有重吸收、内分泌及激素调节功能的肾小管装置组成的生物人工肾可以替代人体肾脏的完整功能,我们有理由相信生产生物人工肾(bioartificial kidney)已指日可待。<span>”</span></span><br  /></p><p><br  /></p><section data-role="outer" label="Powered by gulangu"><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="94881" data-color="#31859b"><section data-width="100%"><section><section data-autoskip="1"><section data-role="outer" label="Powered by gulangu"><section data-role="paragraph"><p><span><strong>孙世澜:</strong></span><span>教授、主任医师。</span><span>1968年毕业于第四军医大学医疗系,从医42年。</span><span>1993 年享受国务院政府津贴,1993 年被批准为硕士研究生导师。</span><span>1998 年被中国医学科学院北京协和医院遴选为博士生导师,2002年为同济医学院博士生导师。</span><span>1987年至1988年借调中央保健局,曾任中央领导专职保健医师。</span><span>为湖北省的第一代肾脏专科医师。</span><span>对肾内科疑难病的诊断以及延缓肾衰竭进展的药物治疗、血液透析疗法等方面有独到之处。</span></p><p><span><br  /></span></p><p><span><span>1990-2000 年任同济医院血透室主任,将血透室扩大为中原地区最大的透析中心,并率先开展了一系列的新技术、新疗法。</span><span>先后接待了苏丹共和国总统、外长以及我国国家领导人吴阶平副委员长的参观访问。</span></span></p></section></section></section></section><section><section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><br  /></p><section data-role="outer" label="Powered by gulangu"><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="87569"><section><p><img src="image/20201014/57660eb651b81772ef687bff6e268dfd_21.gif" /></p></section></section><section data-role="paragraph"><p><br  /></p></section></section><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="88184" data-color="#31859b"><section><section data-width="100%"><section><section><section data-brushtype="text">1980年</section><section></section><section></section></section></section><section><section data-width="100%"><section data-width="100%"><section><section><span>金宝推出HFM10-1系统,成为全球第一个自动控制HF的系统。</span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="88184" data-color="#31859b"><section><section data-width="100%"><section><section><section data-brushtype="text">1982年</section><section></section><section></section></section></section><section><section data-width="100%"><section data-width="100%"><section><section><span>费森尤斯推出第一代Off-lineHDF系统ABG-1。</span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="88184" data-color="#31859b"><section><section data-width="100%"><section><section><section data-brushtype="text">1983年</section><section></section><section></section></section></section><section><section data-width="100%"><section data-width="100%"><section><section><span>金宝推出U7000透析液过滤器。</span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section data-role="paragraph" data-color="#31859b"><section data-role="outer" label="Powered by gulangu"><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="88184" data-color="#31859b"><section><section data-width="100%"><section><section><section data-brushtype="text">1984年</section><section></section><section></section></section></section><section><section data-width="100%"><section data-width="100%"><section><section><span>费森尤斯推出On-line的选配件。</span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section data-role="paragraph" data-color="#31859b"><section data-role="outer" label="Powered by gulangu"><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="88184" data-color="#31859b"><section><section data-width="100%"><section><section><section data-brushtype="text">1985年</section><section></section><section></section></section></section><section><section data-width="100%"><section data-width="100%"><section><section><span>金宝推出On-lineHF配件GHS-1。</span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section data-role="paragraph" data-color="#31859b"><section data-role="outer" label="Powered by gulangu"><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="88184" data-color="#31859b"><section><section data-width="100%"><section><section><section data-brushtype="text">1987年</section><section></section><section></section></section></section><section><section data-width="100%"><section data-width="100%"><section><section><span>金宝推出干粉筒BiCart。</span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><br  /></p><section data-role="paragraph"><section data-role="outer" label="Powered by gulangu"><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="94556" data-color="#31859b"><section data-width="100%"><section><section><section><section data-autoskip="1"><section data-role="outer" label="Powered by gulangu"><section data-role="paragraph"><p><strong><strong><span><strong>血液净化功能细化</strong></span></strong></strong><br  /></p><p><br  /></p></section></section><p><span>1.血液透析(HD):通过弥散原理,使溶质从高浓度向低浓度移动,清除小分子物质。多用于救治急、慢性肾功能衰竭,药物和毒物中毒的患者;</span></p><p><br  /></p><p><span>2.血液灌流(HP):通过灌流器的活性炭和树脂吸附功能,救治药物食物中毒患者;</span></p><p><br  /></p><p><span>3.血液滤过(HF):以溶质转运的形式,通过对流清除毒素。</span></p><p><br  /></p><p><span>4.血液透析滤过(HDF):采用弥散排除小分子的基础上,采用高透性滤过膜,通过对流的方法,清除一些中大分子物质。</span></p><p><br  /></p><p><span>5.血浆置换(PE):把血液引出,分离血浆和细胞成分,弃去含病理性毒物的血浆。</span></p><p><br  /></p><p><span>6.腹膜透析(PD):以腹膜为透析膜,将透析液注入腹腔,依弥散和过滤的作用使代谢产物和多余的水清除。</span></p><p><br  /></p><p><span>7.连续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT):以连续缓慢的血液流速,应用透析液和/或置换液,通过弥散和/或对流的方式,进行溶质和水的清除。</span></p><p><br  /></p><p><span>8.免疫吸附:选择性或特异性吸附清除致病因子、净化血液。</span></p><p><br  /></p><p><span>9.人工肝:替代肝脏解毒,减少血浆毒素,使肝细胞再生</span></p><p><span><br  /></span></p><p><span>10. “杂交”血液净化</span><span>:目前许多血液净化中心,将上述各种治疗模式进行组合,用于救治更多的患者。</span><span></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section data-role="paragraph" data-color="#31859b"></section></section></section><p><br  /></p><section data-role="outer" label="Powered by gulangu"><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="93679"><section><section></section><section><p><img src="image/20201014/cfdebbe5ed51145a32d1b03d73c832a7_22.jpg" /></p></section><section data-width="100%"></section></section></section></section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section powered-by="gulangu"><section data-role="outer" label="Powered by gulangu"><section data-role="paragraph"><p><a data-miniprogram-appid="wxdc7efe409d688f37" data-miniprogram-path="pages/authorizationLogin/authorizationLogin" data-miniprogram-nickname="" href="" data-miniprogram-type="image" data-miniprogram-servicetype="" href=""><p><img src="image/20201014/2e25c809fffd6ef0866d70b58effc1a6_23.gif" /></p></a></p><p><br  /></p><section data-role="outer" label="Powered by gulangu"><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="95124" data-color="#6aa9ad" data-custom="#6aa9ad"><section data-width="100%"><section><section><section data-brushtype="text"><strong><span>相关阅读</span></strong></section></section></section><section><section></section></section><section data-width="100%"><section><section><section><section data-width="100%"><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="87578" data-color="#6aa9ad" data-custom="#59c3f9"><section><p><img src="image/20201014/2aac877ff9233ba5a66e7a5ff3a4febf_24.gif" /></p></section><section data-brushtype="text">戳下文,更有料!</section></section><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="87578" data-color="#6aa9ad" data-custom="#59c3f9"></section><p><span data-positionback="static"><p><img src="image/20201014/5bacca2be47183fd00331578d38dd9cb_25.jpg" /></p></span></p><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="87578" data-color="#6aa9ad" data-custom="#59c3f9"><section data-brushtype="text"></section><br  /></section><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="87578" data-color="#6aa9ad" data-custom="#59c3f9"><br  /></section><p><span data-positionback="static"><p><img src="image/20201014/adabf03840aaec818e2f4fed58d8a913_26.jpg" /></p></span></p><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="87578" data-color="#6aa9ad" data-custom="#59c3f9"></section></section></section></section></section><section></section></section></section></section></section><p><br  /></p></section></section></section></section><p><p><img src="image/20201014/cd6e6da350853c459044672a7cf353fb_27.jpg" /></p></p>
               
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